A Simple Neural Network
KotlinConf 2018 - Mathematical Modeling
Creating a Sudoku Solver from Scratch
Traveling Salesman Problem
Text Categorization w/ Naive Bayes
Monty Hall Problem
Solving World's Hardest Sudoku

## Friday, February 23, 2018

### Linear Programming with Kotlin Part III - Generating Multi-day Schedules

In Part I of this series I introduced binary programming with Kotlin and ojAlgo. In Part II, I introduced continuous variables and optimization concepts. In this section, I am going to present something more ambitious and useful: generating multi-day schedules. This can be applied to scheduling problems such as staffing, manufacturing, transportation, classroom allocation, and even sport event planning.

I started building okAlgo which contains Kotlin idiomatic extensions to ojAlgo. Hopefully I will get a chance to release this soon.

It is one thing to create an app that allows you to input events into a calendar. It is another for it to automatically schedule the events for you. Rather than relying on iterative brute-force tactics to fit events into a schedule (which can be hopelessly inefficent), we can achieve magic one-click generation of a schedule using mathematical modeling.

In this article, we will generate a weekly university schedule against one classroom. We will plot the occupation state grid on two dimensions: classes vs a timeline of 15-minute blocks. If we wanted to schedule against multiple rooms, that would be three dimensions: classes vs timeline vs room. We will stick with the former for now and do 2 dimensions. The latter will likely be another article in this series.

Before I start, I found a challenging but useful Coursera class on discrete optimization. This class is fairly ambitious and I hope to find time to complete it. It goes into different techniques to build optimization models from scratch using Python, Java, or any other platform of your choice. So far I highly recommend this class if you want to commit 10-15 hours a week to this topic.

## The Problem

You need a one-click application to schedule university classes against a single classroom. These classes have differing lengths and may “repeat” throughout the week:

• Psych 101 (1 hour, 2 sessions/week)
• English 101 (1.5 hours, 2 sessions/week)
• Math 300 (1.5 hours, 2 sessions/week)
• Psych 300 (3 hours, 1 session/week)
• Calculus I (2 hours, 2 sessions/week)
• Linear Algebra I (2 hours, 3 sessions/week)
• Sociology 101 (1 hour, 2 sessions/week)
• Biology 101 (1 hour, 2 sessions/week)

Each session must start at the same time of day. The day should be broken up in discrete 15 minute increments, and classes can only be scheduled on those increments. In other words, a class can only start/end on the :00, :15, :30, or :45 of the hour.

The operating week is Monday through Friday. The operating day is as follows with a break from 11:30AM to 1:00PM:

• 8:00AM-11:30AM
• 1:00PM-5:00PM

Classes must be scheduled within these times.

OBJECTIVE: Create a discrete programming model that schedules these classes with no overlap and complies with these requirements.

## Laying the Groundwork

The very first thing you should notice about this problem is how everything is broken up into “15 minute” blocks. This is not a continuous/linear problem but rather a discrete one, which is how most schedules are built. Imagine that we have created a timeline for the entire week broken up in 15 minute blocks, like this:

Note that the “…” is just a collapsed placeholder since we do not have enough room to display the 672 blocks for the week (672 = 7 days * 24 hours * 4 blocks in an hour).

Now let’s expand this concept and make the classes an axis against the timeline. Each intersection is a “slot” that can be 1 or 0. This binary will serve to indicate whether or not that “slot” is the start time for the first recurrence of that class. We will set them all to 0 for now as shown below:

This grid is crucial to thinking about this problem logically. It will make an effective visual aid because mathematical constraints will focus on regions within the grid.

On the Kotlin side, let’s get our infrastructure set up. First let’s improvise a DSL to make ojAlgo a little easier to work with. Note I am creating an extension to ojAlgo called okAlgo, which will create some nice Kotlin idioms. But for now, this should work.

import org.ojalgo.optimisation.ExpressionsBasedModel
import org.ojalgo.optimisation.Variable
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger

// declare model
val model = ExpressionsBasedModel()

// improvised DSL
val funcId = AtomicInteger(0)
val variableId = AtomicInteger(0)
fun variable() = Variable(variableId.incrementAndGet().toString().let { "Variable$it" }).apply(model::addVariable) fun addExpression() = funcId.incrementAndGet().let { "Func$it"}.let { model.addExpression(it) }



We are going to take advantage of Java 8’s great LocalDate/LocalTime API to make calendar work easier. Let’s set up our core parameters like so:

import java.time.LocalDate
import java.time.LocalTime

// Any Monday through Friday date range will work
val operatingDates = LocalDate.of(2017,10,16)..LocalDate.of(2017,10,20)
val operatingDay = LocalTime.of(8,0)..LocalTime.of(17,0)

val breaks = listOf<ClosedRange<LocalTime>>(
LocalTime.of(11,30)..LocalTime.of(13,0)
)

// classes
val scheduledClasses = listOf(
ScheduledClass(id=1, name="Psych 101",hoursLength=1.0, repetitions=2),
ScheduledClass(id=2, name="English 101", hoursLength=1.5, repetitions=3),
ScheduledClass(id=3, name="Math 300", hoursLength=1.5, repetitions=2),
ScheduledClass(id=4, name="Psych 300", hoursLength=3.0, repetitions=1),
ScheduledClass(id=5, name="Calculus I", hoursLength=2.0, repetitions=2),
ScheduledClass(id=6, name="Linear Algebra I", hoursLength=2.0, repetitions=3),
ScheduledClass(id=7, name="Sociology 101", hoursLength=1.0, repetitions=2),
ScheduledClass(id=8, name="Biology 101", hoursLength=1.0, repetitions=2)
)

data class ScheduledClass(val id: Int,
val name: String,
val hoursLength: Double,
val repetitions: Int,
val repetitionGapDays: Int = 2)


The repetitionGapDays is the minimum number of days needed between each recurrence’s start time. For instance, since Psych 100 requires 2 repetitions and defaults to a 2-day gap, if the first class was on MONDAY at 8AM then the second repetition must be scheduled at least 2 days (48 hours) later, which is WEDNESDAY at 8AM. All classes will default to a 2-day gap.

The Block class will represent each discrete 15-minute time period. We will use a Kotlin Sequence in combination with Java 8’s LocalDate/LocalTime API to generate all of them for the entire planning window. We will also create a few helper properties to extract the timeRange as well as whether it is withinOperatingDay. The withinOperatingDay property will determine if this Block is within an operating day.

data class Block(val dateTimeRange: ClosedRange<LocalDateTime>) {

val timeRange = dateTimeRange.let {
it.start.toLocalTime()..it.endInclusive.toLocalTime()
}

/** indicates if this block is zeroed due to operating day/break constraints */
val withinOperatingDay get() =  breaks.all { timeRange.start !in it } &&
timeRange.start in operatingDay &&
timeRange.endInclusive in operatingDay

companion object {

// Operating blocks
val all by lazy {
generateSequence(operatingDates.start.atStartOfDay()) {
it.plusMinutes(15).takeIf {
it.plusMinutes(15) <= operatingDates.endInclusive.atTime(23,59)
}
}.map { Block(it..it.plusMinutes(15)) }
.toList()
}
}
}


Note I am going to initialize items for each domain object using a lazy { } delegate. This is to prevent circular construction issues.

Finally, the Slot class will represent an intersection between a ScheduledClass and a Block. We will generate all of them by pairing every ScheduledClass with every Block. We will also create a binary() ojAlgo variable which will be fixed to 0 if the Block is not within the operating day.

data class Slot(val block: Block, val scheduledClass: ScheduledClass) {
val occupied = variable().apply { if (block.withinOperatingDay) binary() else level(0) }

companion object {

val all by lazy {
Block.all.asSequence().flatMap { b ->
ScheduledClass.all.asSequence().map { Slot(b,it) }
}.toList()
}
}
}


In the first article in this series, I showed an approach to capture the necessary contiguous blocks for a given session. I found this approach to scale poorly with ojAlgo, although there are changes in the upcoming release (support for ordered sets) that might work with this approach. I could also drop in a $10K CPLEX license which also might execute a solve quickly. But I like things to remain free and open-source where possible, so I concentrated hard and came up with a better mathematical model. It is highly abstract but powerful and effective for this particular problem. Again, we are going to label each Slot as 1 or 0 to indicate the start of the first class repetition. Here is one possible iteration the solver may come up with, where the first Psych 101 class starts on MON 9:00AM and Sociology 101 starts on MON 9:45AM. Here it is on our grid: Study this scenario closely. Do you see a pattern for an invalid case? In the MON 9:45AM block, Psych 101 (which requires four blocks) and Sociology 101 (which also requires four blocks) are in conflict with each other. Visually, you might be able to see the conflict. But how do you describe it? The sum of scheduled class blocks that “affect” the 9:45AM block must be less than or equal to 1. A sum of 1 effectively means only one class is taking up that block, and 0 means no classes are occupying that block at all (also valid). This particular case fails because the sum of “affecting” blocks is 2. If we shifted Sociology 101 to 10:00AM, the sum would then be 1 and all is good. We need to apply this logic to every block across the entire timeline, querying for earlier slots for each class that occupy this block, and dictate their sum must be no greater than 1. This abstract but powerful idea achieves everything we need. Here is what this looks like in practice below, where all slots affecting the 9:45AM block are highlighted in blue. All of these blue blocks must sum to no more than 1. This can even account for the recurrences too. After all, we put a 1 in a slot to indicate the candidate start time of the first class. If we were looking at the 9:45AM block on Friday, we would query for time slots earlier in the week that would result in this 9:45AM Friday block being occupied (all they way to Monday). Here is a wide visual below. The sum of these blue slots must be no greater than 1. Okay is your head spinning yet? The power of this model is not so much the math, but the ability for each block to query the slots that impact it and mandate they must sum to no more than 1. That is where the hard work will happen, and Kotlin’s stdlib can nail this effectively. The benefit is we do not have create any new variables, and can constrain the existing slot binary variables with a series of simple sum constraints. ## Extracting Recurrences and Affected Slots Wrangling and transforming data is tedious, and it is the unglamorous part of data science where 90% of the work occurs. It is for this reason Python has rapidly overtook R, but I think Kotlin can serve us type safety-minded folks who also appreciate extensibility and higher-order functions. What we need to do first is identify the “groups” of slots for each class, and by “group” I mean an entire set of recurrences across the week. The star of this codebase is is going to be this Kotlin extension function, which will accomplish just that: fun <T> List<T>.rollingRecurrences(slotsNeeded: Int, gap: Int, recurrences: Int) = (0..size).asSequence().map { i -> (1..recurrences).asSequence().map { (it - 1) * gap } .filter { it + i < size} .map { r -> subList(i + r, (i + r + slotsNeeded).let { if (it > size) size else it }) }.filter { it.size == slotsNeeded } .toList() }.filter { it.size == recurrences }  I will let you dive deep into the implementation on your own later. For now it is more productive to cover what it accomplishes, which is take any List<T> and perform a specialized windowed() operation that injects a gap between each grouping. Note the gap is the number of items between each start of the window. For instance, we can take the numbers 1…20 and break them up in groups of 4, with a gap of 6 between each recurrence start, and have 3 recurrences. fun main(args: Array<String>) { (1..20).toList().rollingRecurrences(slotsNeeded = 4, gap = 6, recurrences = 3) .forEach { println(it) } }  OUTPUT: [[1, 2, 3, 4], [7, 8, 9, 10], [13, 14, 15, 16]] [[2, 3, 4, 5], [8, 9, 10, 11], [14, 15, 16, 17]] [[3, 4, 5, 6], [9, 10, 11, 12], [15, 16, 17, 18]] [[4, 5, 6, 7], [10, 11, 12, 13], [16, 17, 18, 19]] [[5, 6, 7, 8], [11, 12, 13, 14], [17, 18, 19, 20]]  We can use this extension function to handle the class repetitions, and generate all possible permutations within our time planning window of one week. We can then use that to find slots for a particular class that affect a particular block, as implemented with our affectingSlotsFor() function shown below. We will also set our constraints dictating data class ScheduledClass(val id: Int, val name: String, val hoursLength: Double, val repetitions: Int, val repetitionGapDays: Int = 2) { /** the # of slots between each recurrence */ val gapLengthInSlots = repetitionGapDays * 24 * 4 /** the # of slots needed for a given recurrence */ val slotsNeeded = (hoursLength * 4).toInt() /** yields slots for this given scheduled class */ val slots by lazy { Slot.all.asSequence().filter { it.scheduledClass == this }.toList() } /** yields slot groups for this scheduled class */ val slotGroups by lazy { slots.rollingRecurrences(slotsNeeded = slotsNeeded, gap = gapLengthInSlots, recurrences = repetitions) } /** yields slots that affect the given block for this scheduled class */ fun affectingSlotsFor(block: Block) = slotGroups.asSequence() .filter { it.flatMap { it }.any { it.block == block } } .map { it.first().first() } companion object { val all by lazy { scheduledClasses } } }  To finish this off, let’s implement the needed constraints in the ScheduledClass with a addConstraints() function. We will set the sum of slots for each given class must be 1, so that at least one instance is scheduled. We will also limit the model exploring solutions for classes that have 3 repetitions, and say the start of the first class must be on MONDAY for those cases. For 2 repetitions, we will specify the first class must start on MONDAY, WEDNESDAY, or FRIDAY. We will achieve these by saying the sum in these regions must be 1. We will also create start and end properties that will translate the model’s optimized slots (where one slot is 1), and translate it back to a LocalDateTime. data class ScheduledClass(val id: Int, val name: String, val hoursLength: Double, val repetitions: Int, val repetitionGapDays: Int = 2) { /** the # of slots between each recurrence */ val gapLengthInSlots = repetitionGapDays * 24 * 4 /** the # of slots needed for a given occurrence */ val slotsNeeded = (hoursLength * 4).toInt() /** yields slots for this given scheduled class */ val slots by lazy { Slot.all.asSequence().filter { it.scheduledClass == this }.toList() } /** yields slot groups for this scheduled class */ val slotGroups by lazy { slots.rollingRecurrences(slotsNeeded = slotsNeeded, gap = gapLengthInSlots, recurrences = repetitions) } /** yields slots that affect the given block for this scheduled class */ fun affectingSlotsFor(block: Block) = slotGroups.asSequence() .filter { it.flatMap { it }.any { it.block == block } } .map { it.first().first() } /** translates and returns the optimized start time of the class */ val start get() = slots.asSequence().filter { it.occupied.value.toInt() == 1 }.map { it.block.dateTimeRange.start }.min()!! /** translates and returns the optimized end time of the class */ val end get() = start.plusMinutes((hoursLength * 60.0).toLong()) /** returns the DayOfWeeks where recurrences take place */ val daysOfWeek get() = (0..(repetitions-1)).asSequence().map { start.dayOfWeek.plus(it.toLong() * repetitionGapDays) }.sorted() fun addConstraints() { //sum of all slots for this scheduledClass must be 1 // s1 + s2 + s3 .. + sn = 1 addExpression().level(1).apply { slots.forEach { set(it.occupied, 1) } } // Guide Mon/Wed/Fri for three repetitions // If 3 repetitions are needed, the sum of slots on Monday must be 1 if (repetitions == 3) { addExpression().level(1).apply { slots.filter { it.block.dateTimeRange.start.dayOfWeek == DayOfWeek.MONDAY } .forEach { set(it.occupied, 1) } } } // Guide two repetitions to start on Mon, Tues, or Wed // If 2 repetitions are needed, the sum of slots on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday must be 1 if (repetitions == 2) { addExpression().level(1).apply { slots.filter { it.block.dateTimeRange.start.dayOfWeek in DayOfWeek.MONDAY..DayOfWeek.WEDNESDAY }.forEach { set(it.occupied, 1) } } } } companion object { val all by lazy { scheduledClasses } } }  lNow going back to the Block class, I will add an addConstraints() function. It will query all the affecting blocks for each ScheduledClass and say they must all sum to no more than 1. This ensures no overlap between classes will occur. But if a block is not within an operating day, not only should its slots be fixed to 0, but all of its affecting slots should be fixed to 0. /** A discrete, 15-minute chunk of time a class can be scheduled on */ data class Block(val dateTimeRange: ClosedRange<LocalDateTime>) { val timeRange = dateTimeRange.let { it.start.toLocalTime()..it.endInclusive.toLocalTime() } /** indicates if this block is zeroed due to operating day/break constraints */ val withinOperatingDay get() = breaks.all { timeRange.start !in it } && timeRange.start in operatingDay && timeRange.endInclusive in operatingDay fun addConstraints() { if (withinOperatingDay) { addExpression().lower(0).upper(1).apply { ScheduledClass.all.asSequence().flatMap { it.affectingSlotsFor([email protected]) } .forEach { set(it.occupied, 1) } } } else { ScheduledClass.all.asSequence().flatMap { it.affectingSlotsFor([email protected]) } .forEach { it.occupied.level(0) } } } companion object { /* All operating blocks for the entire week, broken up in 15 minute increments */ val all by lazy { generateSequence(operatingDates.start.atStartOfDay()) { it.plusMinutes(15).takeIf { it.plusMinutes(15) <= operatingDates.endInclusive.atTime(23,59) } }.map { Block(it..it.plusMinutes(15)) } .toList() } fun applyConstraints() { all.forEach { it.addConstraints() } } } }  Here is the Kotlin code in its entirety, where the respective addConstraints() functions are invoked and the results are iterated. You can also get this code here on GitHub. import org.ojalgo.optimisation.ExpressionsBasedModel import org.ojalgo.optimisation.Variable import java.time.DayOfWeek import java.time.LocalDate import java.time.LocalDateTime import java.time.LocalTime import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger // Any Monday through Friday date range will work val operatingDates = LocalDate.of(2017,10,16)..LocalDate.of(2017,10,20) val operatingDay = LocalTime.of(8,0)..LocalTime.of(17,0) val breaks = listOf<ClosedRange<LocalTime>>( LocalTime.of(11,30)..LocalTime.of(13,0) ) // classes val scheduledClasses = listOf( ScheduledClass(id=1, name="Psych 101",hoursLength=1.0, repetitions=2), ScheduledClass(id=2, name="English 101", hoursLength=1.5, repetitions=3), ScheduledClass(id=3, name="Math 300", hoursLength=1.5, repetitions=2), ScheduledClass(id=4, name="Psych 300", hoursLength=3.0, repetitions=1), ScheduledClass(id=5, name="Calculus I", hoursLength=2.0, repetitions=2), ScheduledClass(id=6, name="Linear Algebra I", hoursLength=2.0, repetitions=3), ScheduledClass(id=7, name="Sociology 101", hoursLength=1.0, repetitions=2), ScheduledClass(id=8, name="Biology 101", hoursLength=1.0, repetitions=2) ) fun main(args: Array<String>) { println("Job started at${LocalTime.now()}")

applyConstraints()

model.countVariables().run { println("$this variables") } model.options.apply { iterations_suffice = 0 } println(model.minimise()) ScheduledClass.all.forEach { println("${it.name}- ${it.daysOfWeek.joinToString("/")}${it.start.toLocalTime()}-${it.end.toLocalTime()}") } println("Job ended at${LocalTime.now()}")

}

// declare model
val model = ExpressionsBasedModel()

// improvised DSL
val funcId = AtomicInteger(0)
val variableId = AtomicInteger(0)
fun variable() = Variable(variableId.incrementAndGet().toString().let { "Variable$it" }).apply(model::addVariable) fun addExpression() = funcId.incrementAndGet().let { "Func$it"}.let { model.addExpression(it) }

/** A discrete, 15-minute chunk of time a class can be scheduled on */
data class Block(val dateTimeRange: ClosedRange<LocalDateTime>) {

val timeRange = dateTimeRange.let { it.start.toLocalTime()..it.endInclusive.toLocalTime() }

/** indicates if this block is zeroed due to operating day/break constraints */
val withinOperatingDay get() =  breaks.all { timeRange.start !in it } &&
timeRange.start in operatingDay &&
timeRange.endInclusive in operatingDay

if (withinOperatingDay) {
ScheduledClass.all.asSequence().flatMap { it.affectingSlotsFor([email protected]) }
.filter { it.block.withinOperatingDay }
.forEach {
set(it.occupied, 1)
}
}
} else {
ScheduledClass.all.asSequence().flatMap { it.affectingSlotsFor([email protected]) }
.forEach {
it.occupied.level(0)
}
}
}

companion object {

/* All operating blocks for the entire week, broken up in 15 minute increments */
val all by lazy {
generateSequence(operatingDates.start.atStartOfDay()) {
it.plusMinutes(15).takeIf { it.plusMinutes(15) <= operatingDates.endInclusive.atTime(23,59) }
}.map { Block(it..it.plusMinutes(15)) }
.toList()
}

fun applyConstraints() {
}
}
}

data class ScheduledClass(val id: Int,
val name: String,
val hoursLength: Double,
val repetitions: Int,
val repetitionGapDays: Int = 2) {

/** the # of slots between each recurrence */
val gapLengthInSlots = repetitionGapDays * 24 * 4

/** the # of slots needed for a given occurrence */
val slotsNeeded = (hoursLength * 4).toInt()

/** yields slots for this given scheduled class */
val slots by lazy {
Slot.all.asSequence().filter { it.scheduledClass == this }.toList()
}

/** yields slot groups for this scheduled class */
val slotGroups by lazy {
slots.rollingRecurrences(slotsNeeded = slotsNeeded, gap = gapLengthInSlots, recurrences = repetitions)
}

/** yields slots that affect the given block for this scheduled class */
fun affectingSlotsFor(block: Block) = slotGroups.asSequence()
.filter { it.flatMap { it }.any { it.block == block } }
.map { it.first().first() }

/** translates and returns the optimized start time of the class */
val start get() = slots.asSequence().filter { it.occupied.value.toInt() == 1 }.map { it.block.dateTimeRange.start }.min()!!

/** translates and returns the optimized end time of the class */
val end get() = start.plusMinutes((hoursLength * 60.0).toLong())

/** returns the DayOfWeeks where recurrences take place */
val daysOfWeek get() = (0..(repetitions-1)).asSequence().map { start.dayOfWeek.plus(it.toLong() * repetitionGapDays) }.sorted()

//sum of all slots for this scheduledClass must be 1
// s1 + s2 + s3 .. + sn = 1
slots.forEach {
set(it.occupied, 1)
}
}

// Guide Mon/Wed/Fri for three repetitions
// If 3 repetitions are needed, the sum of slots on Monday must be 1
if (repetitions == 3) {
slots.filter { it.block.dateTimeRange.start.dayOfWeek == DayOfWeek.MONDAY }
.forEach {
set(it.occupied, 1)
}
}
}

// Guide two repetitions to start on Mon, Tues, or Wed
// If 2 repetitions are needed, the sum of slots on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday must be 1

if (repetitions == 2) {
slots.filter { it.block.dateTimeRange.start.dayOfWeek in DayOfWeek.MONDAY..DayOfWeek.WEDNESDAY }.forEach {
set(it.occupied, 1)
}
}
}
}

companion object {
val all by lazy { scheduledClasses }
}
}

data class Slot(val block: Block, val scheduledClass: ScheduledClass) {
val occupied = variable().apply { if (block.withinOperatingDay) binary() else level(0) }

companion object {

val all by lazy {
Block.all.asSequence().flatMap { b ->
ScheduledClass.all.asSequence().map { Slot(b,it) }
}.toList()
}
}
}

fun applyConstraints() {
Block.applyConstraints()
}

fun <T> List<T>.rollingBatches(batchSize: Int) = (0..size).asSequence().map { i ->
subList(i, (i + batchSize).let { if (it > size) size else it })
}.filter { it.size == batchSize }

fun <T> List<T>.rollingRecurrences(slotsNeeded: Int, gap: Int, recurrences: Int) =
(0..size).asSequence().map { i ->
(1..recurrences).asSequence().map { (it - 1) * gap }
.filter { it + i < size}
.map { r ->
subList(i + r, (i + r + slotsNeeded).let { if (it > size) size else it })
}.filter { it.size == slotsNeeded }
.toList()
}.filter { it.size == recurrences }


When I run this entire application, here are the scheduled classes!

Psych 101- WEDNESDAY/FRIDAY 10:30-11:30
English 101- MONDAY/WEDNESDAY/FRIDAY 13:15-14:45
Math 300- TUESDAY/THURSDAY 15:15-16:45
Psych 300- THURSDAY 08:15-11:15
Calculus I- TUESDAY/THURSDAY 13:15-15:15
Linear Algebra I- MONDAY/WEDNESDAY/FRIDAY 08:15-10:15
Sociology 101- WEDNESDAY/FRIDAY 16:00-17:00
Biology 101- WEDNESDAY/FRIDAY 15:00-16:00


If we were to plot this out visually, here is what the schedule looks like:

Hopefully you guys find this fascinating and useful. I will definitely post a few more articles on Kotlin for linear programming when I find some interesting use cases.